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NONTONNEWS.COM - Gurun Sahara, yang terkenal dengan kering dan tandusnya, baru-baru ini mengalami fenomena mengejutkan: tampak menghijau dari luar angkasa. Perubahan warna ini terjadi setelah curah hujan yang tidak biasa dan intens, memicu kekhawatiran di kalangan ilmuwan.
Satelit telah menangkap gambar tanaman yang tumbuh subur di bagian selatan Sahara yang biasanya gersang. Kejadian ini berlangsung setelah badai besar yang tidak diprediksi sebelumnya menyebabkan banjir hebat. Ilmuwan mencurigai bahwa perubahan iklim akibat polusi menjadi penyebab utama fenomena ini.
Curah hujan di Afrika utara, yang biasanya meningkat antara Juli hingga September selama Musim Monsun Afrika Barat, mengalami perubahan signifikan. Sejak pertengahan Juli, zona ini bergerak lebih jauh dari yang seharusnya, mengakibatkan badai masuk ke wilayah Sahara selatan. Akibatnya, beberapa bagian Gurun Sahara kini menerima dua hingga lebih dari enam kali lipat curah hujan normal.
Menurut Karsten Haustein, peneliti iklim di Universitas Leipzig, ada dua kemungkinan penyebab pergeseran ini. Pertama, transisi dari El Niño ke La Niña mungkin memengaruhi pergerakan zona ini ke utara pada musim panas. Selain itu, pemanasan global berperan signifikan dalam fenomena ini.
“Zona Konvergensi Intertropis, yang mempengaruhi penghijauan di Afrika, bergerak lebih jauh ke utara seiring dengan pemanasan global,” kata Haustein, seperti yang dilaporkan oleh detikINET dari CNN.
Penelitian yang dipublikasikan di jurnal Nature pada Juni lalu menunjukkan bahwa pergeseran ini bisa menjadi lebih sering di beberapa dekade mendatang karena meningkatnya kadar karbon dioksida dan pemanasan global. Fenomena ini tidak hanya mengubah kondisi gurun, tetapi juga mengganggu pola musim badai Atlantik dan berimbas pada beberapa negara Afrika.
Wilayah yang biasanya memperoleh curah hujan lebih banyak, seperti Nigeria dan Kamerun, hanya menerima antara 50 hingga 80% dari curah hujan normal mereka selama periode ini. Sebaliknya, wilayah yang lebih kering, termasuk Niger, Chad, Sudan, Libya, dan Mesir selatan, mengalami curah hujan yang melebihi 400% dari rata-rata.
Sebagai contoh, wilayah utara Chad yang biasanya hanya menerima satu inci hujan dari pertengahan Juli hingga awal September, tahun ini menerima antara 3 hingga 8 inci. Curah hujan yang berlebihan menyebabkan banjir besar di Chad, yang berdampak pada hampir 1,5 juta orang dan menyebabkan sedikitnya 340 kematian.
Di Nigeria, banjir serupa menewaskan lebih dari 220 orang dan membuat ratusan ribu orang mengungsi, terutama di wilayah utara yang biasanya lebih kering. Sudan juga mengalami banjir mematikan pada akhir Agustus, menewaskan sedikitnya 132 orang dan menghancurkan lebih dari 12.000 rumah.
Menurut Haustein, kejadian banjir ekstrem ini kemungkinan berkaitan dengan perubahan iklim, karena pemanasan global memungkinkan Bumi menahan lebih banyak uap air, yang dapat menyebabkan musim hujan yang lebih basah dan banjir yang lebih parah.
NONTON